Fiche à imprimer : Where are the limits? La liberté d'expression (Tle)

Anglais	Français
freedom of speech / of expression	la liberté d'expression
the First Amendment (1791)	le Premier Amendement de la Constitution américaine
censorship	la censure
hate speech	les discours de haine
defamation	la diffamation
It is essential that everyone be heard.	Il est essentiel que chacun soit entendu.

La liberté d'expression est un droit fondamental, mais presque toutes les démocraties lui fixent des limites : diffamation, incitation à la violence, discours de haine. Aux États-Unis, le Premier Amendement (1791) la protège de façon très large. En Europe, la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme (article 10) la garantit tout en autorisant certaines restrictions. Une phrase souvent attribuée à Voltaire (mais écrite en 1906 par sa biographe Evelyn Beatrice Hall) résume ce principe : défendre le droit de parler de ceux avec qui l'on n'est pas d'accord. Grammaire : le subjonctif anglais, It is essential / vital that + base verbale (that he be, that she speak).

Mise en situation : le débat

Teacher : Should people be free to say anything, even if it offends others?

Les gens devraient-ils être libres de tout dire, même si cela offense les autres ?

Lucas : Freedom of speech protects ideas we don't like. Otherwise, it would be meaningless.

La liberté d'expression protège les idées qui nous déplaisent. Sinon, elle n'aurait aucun sens.

Sarah : I agree, but hate speech can lead to violence. It is essential that minorities be protected.

Je suis d'accord, mais les discours de haine peuvent mener à la violence. Il est essentiel que les minorités soient protégées.

Lucas : But who decides what counts as hate speech? Governments could use that as an excuse for censorship.

Mais qui décide de ce qui relève du discours de haine ? Les gouvernements pourraient s'en servir comme prétexte pour censurer.

Sarah : Courts, not governments. And the law must be precise.

Les tribunaux, pas les gouvernements. Et la loi doit être précise.

Teacher : So the question is not whether there are limits, but who sets them and how.

Donc la question n'est pas de savoir s'il y a des limites, mais qui les fixe et comment.

À retenir

freedom of speech, censorship, hate speech, defamation, a fundamental right, a court, a minority, to offend.
Subjonctif : It is essential / vital / important that + base verbale ; whether ; otherwise ; lead to.

Exercice 1 : La liberté d'expression : exercice 1 (QCM)

« la censure »
1. censure
2. censorship
3. sensorship
« les discours de haine »
1. hate speech
2. hateful speaking
3. hate speak
Le Premier Amendement date de...
1. 1791
2. 1891
3. 1691
It is essential that everyone ___ heard.
1. will be
2. is
3. be
It is vital that he ___ the truth.
1. told
2. tell
3. tells
« la diffamation »
1. deformation
2. defamy
3. defamation
« offenser, choquer »
1. to defend
2. to offer
3. to offend
« mener à la violence »
1. to led to violence
2. to lead at violence
3. to lead to violence
La phrase « attribuée à Voltaire » a en réalité été écrite par...
1. Shakespeare
2. Voltaire lui-même
3. Evelyn Beatrice Hall
« qu'il y ait des limites ou non »
1. if or not there are limits
2. whether there are limits
3. weather there are limits

Exercice 2 : La liberté d'expression : exercice 2 (à compléter)

It is essential that minorities .......................... protected.
Otherwise, it would be .......................... .
Hate speech can .......................... to violence.
Governments could use that as an excuse for .......................... .
Who decides what counts .......................... hate speech?
The law must be .......................... .
The question is not .......................... there are limits.
even if it .......................... others
the First ..........................
It is vital that the press .......................... free. (subjonctif)

Exercice 3 : La liberté d'expression : mise en situation

Les gens devraient-ils être libres de tout dire ?
1. Should people be free to say anything?
2. Should people free to say anything?
3. Should people be free to say nothing?
Elle protège les idées qui nous déplaisent.
1. Freedom of speech protect ideas we don't like.
2. Freedom of speech protects ideas we don't like.
3. Freedom of speech protects ideas we doesn't like.
Sinon, elle n'aurait aucun sens.
1. Other way, it would be meaningful.
2. Otherwise, it would be meaningless.
3. Otherwise, it will be meaningless.
Il est essentiel que les minorités soient protégées.
1. It is essential that minorities will be protected.
2. It is essential that minorities are protect.
3. It is essential that minorities be protected.
Qui décide ?
1. Who decide what counts as hate speech?
2. Who decides what counts as hate speech?
3. Who does decides what counts as hate speech?
Comme prétexte pour censurer.
1. as an excuse for censorship
2. like an excuse for censorship of
3. as an excuse of censure
Les tribunaux, pas les gouvernements.
1. Courts, no governments.
2. Courts, not governments.
3. Courses, not governments.
La question n'est pas de savoir s'il y a des limites.
1. The question is not weather there are limits.
2. The question is not if or not there is limits.
3. The question is not whether there are limits.
Il est important qu'elle puisse s'exprimer.
1. It is important that she be able to speak.
2. It is important that she is able to speaks.
3. It is important that she will can speak.
La liberté d'expression est un droit fondamental.
1. Freedom of speech is a fundamental right.
2. The freedom of speak is a fundamental right.
3. Freedom of speech is a fundamental rights.

Corrigé

Exercice 1

1. b) censorship · 2. a) hate speech · 3. a) 1791 · 4. c) be · 5. b) tell · 6. c) defamation · 7. c) to offend · 8. c) to lead to violence · 9. c) Evelyn Beatrice Hall · 10. b) whether there are limits

Exercice 2

1. be · 2. meaningless · 3. lead · 4. censorship · 5. as · 6. precise · 7. whether · 8. offends · 9. Amendment · 10. remain

Exercice 3

1. a) Should people be free to say anything? · 2. b) Freedom of speech protects ideas we don't like. · 3. b) Otherwise, it would be meaningless. · 4. c) It is essential that minorities be protected. · 5. b) Who decides what counts as hate speech? · 6. a) as an excuse for censorship · 7. b) Courts, not governments. · 8. c) The question is not whether there are limits. · 9. a) It is important that she be able to speak. · 10. a) Freedom of speech is a fundamental right.